b c a aa bb cc c Assign one violation mark to each c. Candidates are strings, and let c be a string. This constraint counts the number of substrings in the surface form that are equal to c (possibly overlapping substrings), and this value will be the number of violation marks assigned to the candidate. b Assign one violation mark to each b. Candidates are strings, and let b be a string. This constraint counts the number of substrings in the surface form that are equal to b (possibly overlapping substrings), and this value will be the number of violation marks assigned to the candidate. a Assign one violation mark to each a. Candidates are strings, and let a be a string. This constraint counts the number of substrings in the surface form that are equal to a (possibly overlapping substrings), and this value will be the number of violation marks assigned to the candidate. 2.71 Assign 2.71 violation mark(s) to any candidate. This constraint is a constant function: it assigns the same violation level (namely, 2.71 violation mark(s)) to all candidates. Although this constraint does not seem to be very useful, you may use it to construct other constraints. aa 1.975 Candidate 'aa' gets 1.975 violation(s). This constraint assigns 1.975 violation(s) to the candidate whose name is 'aa'; zero violations to all other candidates. NB: 1.975 must be parsable to an integer or double. 3.14 Assign 3.14 violation mark(s) to any candidate. This constraint is a constant function: it assigns the same violation level (namely, 3.14 violation mark(s)) to all candidates. Although this constraint does not seem to be very useful, you may use it to construct other constraints. c Assign one violation if contains c. Candidates are strings, and let c be a string. This constraint assigns a single violation mark to the candidate, if the surface form contains c as a substring. b Assign one violation if contains b. Candidates are strings, and let b be a string. This constraint assigns a single violation mark to the candidate, if the surface form contains b as a substring. a Assign one violation if contains a. Candidates are strings, and let a be a string. This constraint assigns a single violation mark to the candidate, if the surface form contains a as a substring.